Tourism Analysis : An Interdisciplinary Tourism & Hospitality Journal

EDITOR-IN-CHIEF

Ercan Sirakaya-Türk, Professor
College of Hospitality, Retail and Sport Management
University of South Carolina
Columbia, SC, USA
Email: ercan@hrsm.sc.edu

REVIEWS EDITOR
Keith Hollinshead, University of Bedfordshire, Putteridge Bury Campus, Luton, UK

BOOK REVIEWS EDITOR
Marcjanna M. Augustyn, Hull University Business School, Hull, UK

RESEARCH NOTES EDITOR
Rich Harrill, International Tourism Research Institute, China Tourism Group, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA

EDITORIAL BOARD

Kathleen L. Andereck, Arizona State University, USA
Albert Assaf, University of Massachusetts, USA
Guy Assaker, Lebanese American University, Lebanon
Ernest Azzopardi, University of Malta, Malta
Faruk Balli, Massey University, New Zealand
Mark A. Bonn, Florida State University, USA
Ilenia Bregoli, University of Lincoln, UK
Juan Antonio Campos-Soria, University of Malaga, Spain
Laurence Chalip, University of Illinois, USA
Annie Chen, University of West London, UK
Rachel J. C. Chen, University of Tennessee, USA
Mingming Cheng, University of Otago, New Zealand
Hwan-Suk Chris Choi, University of Guelph, Canada
Germa Coenders, University of Girona, Spain
Nuno Crespo, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Portugal
Jonathon Day, Purdue University, USA
Giacomo Del Chiappa, University of Sassari, Italy
Jinyang Deng, West Virginia University, USA
Tarik Dogru, Boston University, USA
Oleksandr Dorokhov, Kharkiv National University of Economics, Ukraine
Yuksel Ekinci, University of Portsmouth, UK
Erdogan H. Ekiz, King Abdulaziz University, Saudi Arabia
Matthias Fuchs, Mid Sweden University, Sweden
Martina González-Gallarza Granizo, Universitat de Valéncia, Spain
Ulrike Gretzel, University of Southern California, USA
Huimin Gu, Beijing International Studies University, China
Ulrich Gunter, MODUL University Vienna, Austria
Rob Hallak, University of South Australia, Australia
Tzung-Cheng Huan, National Chiayi University, Taiwan
Tazim Jamal, Texas A&M University, USA
SooCheong (Shawn) Jang, Purdue University, USA
Pandora Kay, Deakin University, Australia
Ksenia Kirillova, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, SAR
Jennifer Laing, La Trobe University, Australia
Timothy Jeonglyeol Lee, Ritsumeikan Asia Pacific University, Japan
Jun (Justin) Li, South China Normal University, China
Vincent Magnini, Virginia Tech, USA
Bruce Marti, University of Rhode Island, USA
Xavier Matteucci, MODUL University Vienna, Austria
Fang Meng, University of South Carolina, USA
Yeganeh Morakabati, Bournemouth University, UK
Ana María Munar, Copenhagen Business School, Denmark
Jaume Rosselló Nadal, Universitat de Illes Balears, Spain
Sarah Nicholls, Michigan State University, USA
Harmen Oppewal, Monash University, Australia
Ahmet Bulent Ozturk, University of Central Florida, USA
Steven Pike, Queensland University of Technology, Australia
Yaniv Poria, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Israel
Juan Ignacio Pulido-Fernández, University of Jaén, Spain
Haywantee Rumi Ramkissoon, Curtin University, Australia
Wiston Adrián Risso, University of the Republic, Uruguay
José António C. Santos, Universidade do Algarve, Portugal
Zvi Schwartz, University of Delaware, USA
M. Joseph Sirgy, Virginia Tech, USA
Vincent Wing Sun Tung, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, SAR
Anja Tuohino, University of Eastern Finland, Finland
Shui-Ki Wan, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, SAR
Kyle M. Woosnam, University of Georgia, USA
Hung Che Wu, Sun Yat-sen University, China
Anita Zehrer, MCI Management Center Innsbruck, Austria

EDITORIAL ADVISORY BOARD
Seyhmus Baloglu, University of Nevada, USA

John C. Crotts, College of Charleston, USA
Geoffrey I. Crouch (former co-editor), La Trobe University, Australia
Larry Dwyer, Griffith University, Australia
Daniel Fesenmaier (co-founding editor), University of Florida, USA
Josef Mazanec, MODUL University Vienna, Austria
Stephen L. J. Smith, University of Waterloo, Canada
Harry Timmermans, Eindhoven University of Technology, Netherlands
Muzaffer Uysal (co-founding editor), University of Massachusetts, USA

Manuscript submission: Authors should submit Word document manuscript and figure/table files via our ManuscriptCentral website at: http://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/cogcomm-ta. Follow the guidelines below to prepare the manuscript, figures, and tables.

General manuscript preparation: Manuscripts should be submitted as a Word document, double spaced, with all pages numbered. A cover page with the title only should be included because manuscripts are sent out for blind review. Include figures and tables at the end of the file or provide figures in a separate file attachment. Do not incorporate the figures and tables within the manuscript text. Main and secondary headings should be clearly identifiable.

Maximum word count for full-length manuscripts, including references, is approximately 7,000 words. Short manuscripts (Research Notes) should not exceed approximately 2,000 words.

A statement identifying the gap in the literature and your manuscript’s theoretical contribution should be included, preferable within the first few paragraphs of the text (or at least in the first two pages). The manuscript needs to make an original contribution to the theory and practice of Tourism Management and Policy.

Tourism Analysis is an English language journal. Authors not fluent in English are expected to have their manuscript proofread by a native speaker of English before submitting.

Title page: This should contain the title, all author names, and corresponding affiliation(s) for each author, which includes Department, Institution, City (State), Country. The corresponding author must be clearly designated and a complete mailing address and email address for the corresponding author must be included (phone and fax numbers are optional). A short title of approximately 40 characters or less should also be included.

Abstract and key words: Provide an abstract 200 to 250 words. It should contain an abbreviated representation of the content of the manuscript. Major results, conclusions, and/or recommendations should be given, followed by supporting details of method, scope, or purpose as appropriate. Supply 3 to 5 keywords suitable for indexing.

Text: Clearly indicate all main and subheadings. Follow the APA Publication Manual (6th edition) guidelines for citing references in the text (see below) and for the reference list. All figures and tables must be cited in the text in the order in which they appear (do not incorporate figures and tables within the body of the text). The file should be arranged as: title-only cover page, title page (with names and affiliations), abstract and key words, main body text, reference list, figure legends, tables and figures. Figures and tables can also be provided as separate files (see below).

References: The reference list should be arranged in alphabetical order. Follow APA Publication Manual (6th edition) for text and reference list citations, per the examples below. [Note: always provide citation page number(s) in the text for quoted material from a printed source.] Include in the reference list only those cited in the text and ensure that all text citations have an entry in the reference list.

Text citations: (Gunn, 1990) or (Fesenmaier., 1994; Mazanec, 1992, 1993; Uysal & Gitelson, 1994) or (Crompton, 1979, p. 411) (for quoted material). Note that names are to be alphabetical within the parenthetical, NOT by date order.

Journal article: Crouch, I. G. (1994). The study of international tourism demand: A review of findings. Journal of Travel Research, 33(1), 12–23.
Book: Witt, E. S., & Witt, C. A. (1992). Modeling and forecasting in tourism. London, UK: Academic Press.
Book chapter in edited book: Frechtling, C. D. (1994). Assessing the impacts of travel and tourism: Measuring economic benefits. In J. R. Brent Ritchie & C. R. Goeldner (Eds.), Travel, tourism, and hospitality research (2nd ed., pp. 367–391). New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons.
Internet source: United Nations World Tourism Organization. (2015). Tourism driving trade, fostering development and connecting people. Retrieved from http://www.e-unwto.org/doi/pdf/10.18111/9789284417247

Use of Copyright Material: Authors must attest their manuscript contains original work and provide proof of permission to reproduce any content (artwork, photographs, tables etc.) in connection with their manuscript, also ensuring their work does not infringe on any copyright and that they have obtained permission for its use. It is important to note that any and all materials obtain via the Internet/social media (including but not limited to Face Book, Twitter, Instagram, etc.) falls under all copyright rules and regulations and permission for use must be obtained prior to publication.

Figures: All figures should be provided in .doc, .jpg, .tif, or .pdf format, at high resolution. Do not incorporate figures within the text of the manuscript. Figures should be prepared without color unless the figure is to be printed in color. [Note there is a charge for printing figures in color (see Author Options below)]. Avoid light shading that will not reproduce well. Labeling and figure detail should be large enough to be legible after reduction to fit page parameters. Include a figure legend for each figure at the end of the manuscript file. Do not incorporate figure legends or figure number as part of the figure itself.

Tables: Table material should not duplicate the text. Include tables in a separate file. Include a title for each table. Avoid overly wide or long tables that would not fit printed page parameters. Place tables on separate pages at the end of the manuscript. Cite each table in the text. Do not embed tables within the text of the manuscript.

Copyright: Publications are copyrighted for the protection of authors and the publisher. A Transfer of Copyright Agreement will be sent to the author whose manuscript is accepted. The form must be completed and returned with the final manuscript files(s).

Author Options: Articles appearing in Tourism Analysis are available to be open access and also contain color figures (neither is a condition for publication). Authors will be provided with an Author Option Form, which indicates the following options.

A voluntary submission fee of $125.00 includes one free page of color and a 50% discount on additional color pages (color is discounted to $100.00 per color page).

Open access is available for a fee of $200.00 for up to 15 pages and $50.00 for each additional page. Color would be discounted to $100.00 per color page.

If you choose to have your article be open access, an Open Access form will be sent with the amount due based on the number of pages at proof stage. The Open Access form will need to be completed and returned with payment information and any corrections to the proof prior to publication.

The use of color in articles is an important feature. Your article may contain figures that should be printed in color. There is a charge for figures appearing in color. Cost for color figure in an article $200.00 (if not paying Voluntary Submission Fee or Open Access Fee). A payment form will be provided with your proof if you take advantage of this option, which will need to be completed and returned with any corrections to the proof prior to publication.

Author Option Form: The Author Option form will be sent to the author whose manuscript is accepted. The form must be completed and returned with the final manuscript file(s) even if the answer is “No” to the options. This form serves as confirmation of your choice for the options.

Page Proofs: Page proofs will be sent electronically to the designated corresponding author prior to publication. Minor changes only are allowed at this stage. The designated corresponding author will receive one free copy of the issue in which the article is published and a free pdf file of the final press article will be sent by email.

Disclaimer: Although every effort is made by the publisher and editorial board to see that no inaccurate or misleading data, opinion, or statement appears in this Journal, they wish to make it clear that the data and opinions appearing in the articles and advertisements herein are the sole responsibility of the contributor or advertiser concerned. Accordingly, the publisher, the editorial board, editors, and their respective employees, officers, and agents accept no responsibility or liability whatsoever for the consequences of any such inaccurate or misleading data, opinion, or statement.

ETHICS STATEMENT

The publishers and editorial board of Tourism Analysis have adopted the publication ethics and malpractice statements of the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) https://publicationethics.org/core-practices. These guidelines highlight what is expected of authors and what they can expect from the reviewers and editorial board in return. They also provide details of how problems will be handled. Briefly:

Tourism Analysis is governed by an international editorial board consisting of experts in Leisure, Recreation, Tourism, and Hospitality (LRTH), and related fields. Information regarding the editorial board members is listed on the inside front cover of the printed copy of the journal in addition to the homepage for the journal at: https://www.cognizantcommunication.com/journal-titles/tourism-analysis under the “Editorial Board” tab.

This editorial board conducts most of the manuscript reviews and plays a large role in setting the standards for research and publication in the field. The Editor-in-Chief receives and processes all manuscripts and from time to time will modify the editorial board to ensure a continuous improvement in quality.

The reviewers uphold a peer review process without favoritism or prejudice to gender, sexual orientation, religious/political beliefs, nationality, or geographical origin. Each submission is given equal consideration for acceptance based only on the manuscript’s importance, originality, academic integrity, and clarity and whether it is suitable for the journal in accordance with the Aims and Scope of the journal. They must not have a conflict of interest with the author(s) or work described. The anonymity of the reviewers must be maintained.

All manuscripts are sent out for blind review and the editor/editorial board will maintain the confidentiality of author(s) and their submitted research and supporting documentation, figures, and tables and all aspects pertaining to each submission.

Reviewers are expected to not possess any conflicts of interest with the authors. They should review the manuscript objectively and provide recommendations for improvements where necessary. Any unpublished information read by a reviewer should be treated as confidential.

Authors

Manuscripts must contain original material and must not have been published previously. Material accepted for publication may not be published elsewhere without the consent of the publisher. All rights and permissions must be obtained by the contributor(s) and should be sent upon acceptance of manuscripts for publication.

References, acknowledgments, figure legends, and tables must be properly cited and authors must attest their manuscript contains original work and provide proof of permission to reproduce any content (artwork, photographs, tables, etc.) in connection with their manuscript, also ensuring their work does not infringe on any copyright and that they have obtained permission for its use. It is important to note that any and all materials obtain via the Internet/social media (including but not limited to Face Book, Twitter, Instagram, etc.) falls under all copyright rules and regulations and permission for use must be obtained prior to publication.

Authors listed on a manuscript must have made a significant contribution to the study and/or writing of the manuscript. During revisions, authors cannot be removed without their permission and that of all other authors. All authors must also agree to the addition of new authors.  It is the responsibility of the corresponding author to ensure that this occurs.

Financial support and conflicts of interest for all authors must be declared.

The reported research must be novel and authentic and the author(s) should confirm that the same data has not been and is not going to be submitted to another journal (unless already rejected). Plagiarism of the text/data will not be tolerated and could result in retraction of an accepted article.

When humans, animals, or tissue derived from them have been used, then mention of the appropriate ethical approval must be included in the manuscript.

Publisher

The publishers agree to ensure, to the best of their abilities, that the information they publish is genuine and ethically sound. If publishing ethics issues come to light, not limited to accusations of fraudulent data or plagiarism, during or after the publication process, they will be investigated by the editorial board including contact with the authors’ institutions if necessary, so that a decision on the appropriate corrections, clarifications, or retractions can be made. The publishers agree to publish this as necessary so as to maintain the integrity of the academic record.

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Access Current Articles (Volume 24, Number 4)

Table of Contents:

Volume 24, Number 4

Forecasting Tourist Arrivals With the Help of Web Sentiment: A Mixed-Frequency Modeling Approach for Big Data – 437
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3727/108354219X15652651367442

Irem Önder,* Ulrich Gunter,† and Arno Scharl‡

*Department of Hospitality and Tourism Management, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
†Department of Tourism and Service Management, MODUL University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
‡Department of New Media Technology, MODUL University Vienna, Vienna, Austria

Online news media coverage regarding a destination, a form of big data, can affect destination image and influence the number of tourist arrivals. Sentiment analysis extracts the valence of an author’s perception about a topic by rating a segment of text as either positive or negative. The sentiment of online news media can be viewed as a leading indicator for actual tourism demand. The aim of this study is to examine if web sentiment of online news media coverage of four European cities (Berlin, Brussels, Paris, and Vienna) possesses information to predict actual tourist arrivals. This study is the first to use web sentiment for forecasting tourism demand. Automated semantic routines were conducted to analyze the sentiment of online news media coverage. Due to the differing data frequencies of tourist arrivals (monthly) and web sentiment indicators (daily), the MIxed-DAta Sampling (MIDAS) modeling approach was applied. Results indicate that MIDAS models including various web sentiment indicators outperform time-series and naïve benchmarks in terms of typical accuracy measures. This study shows that utilizing online news media coverage as an indication of destination image can improve tourism demand forecasting. Because destination image is dynamic, the results can vary depending on time period of the analysis and the destination. A managerial implication of the forecast evaluation exercise is that destination management organizations (DMOs) should add models incorporating web sentiment data to their forecast modeling toolkit to further improve the accuracy of their tourism demand forecasts.

Key words: MIDAS; Sentiment analysis; Online news media coverage; Tourism demand forecasting; Big data

Towards Understanding the Volatility of Housing Prices and Exploring the Tourism Demand Impact – 453
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3727/108354219X15652651367460

Hatice Ozer Balli, Faruk Balli, Susa Flint-Hartle, and Xinping Yang

School of Economics and Finance, Massey University, Albany, Auckland, New Zealand

Using an Exponential Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Heteroskedasticity model (EGARCH), the volatile nature of residential property prices in New Zealand is examined. The model investigates the extent to which macroeconomic fundamentals and a combined population shift/visitor factor called “tourism” impact residential property values and capture variations in volatility across different regions. We find that fundamentals have different impacts across regional property markets. In line with the literature, the bigger metropolitan regions like Auckland and Christchurch are more sensitive to macroeconomic factors than smaller regions. Additionally, we find house price volatility in southern regions is affected by macroeconomic fluctuations more than northern areas. Novel to the literature, we discover that “tourism” has significant impact on house price volatility as well, particularly in popular touristic areas. These results imply that to better understand the determinants of house price volatility and mitigate its effects, policy makers should consider a coordinated approach, taking a regional perspective and the interaction of several variables into account.

Key words: Residential market; House price volatility; Tourism demand; Tourism demand and housing price nexus

Dynamic Performance Assessment System for Green Tourism Supply Chain – 467
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3727/108354219X15652651367479

Hai-Yu Huang, Hai-Xiang Wei, and Min Wei

Department of Tourism and Hospitality Management, School of Management, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian Province, China

As a form of sustainable tourism development, green tourism is a means of environmental protection and a trend of tourism development. Evolutionary game theory is applied to examine the generation of green behaviors by tourism enterprises during the development of a green tourism supply chain. Model deduction and simulation data analysis show that most tourism enterprises do have an incentive towards green development and the formation of the green tourism supply chain is a dynamic evolution process. To better understand the gaps in the process that all the stakeholders need to fill, the approach of balanced scorecard (BSC) combined with expert interviews is applied to design a periodical performance assessment system for evaluating the performance of the green tourism supply chain. Evaluation results will help to facilitate all participants to implement green practices for smooth transformation of a traditional supply chain into a green one.

Key words: Performance assessment system; Green tourism supply chain; Evolutionary game theory; Balanced scorecard

The Influences Of Revenue Diversification And Incoming Tourists On The Performance Of Star-Rated Hotels In China – 483
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3727/108354219X15652651367488

Chun Kwok (Henry) Lei

Department of Finance and Business Economics, Faculty of Business Administration, University of Macau, Macau, China

Human capital and a transformed data set are combined into a stochastic frontier analysis to estimate the technical efficiency of star-rated hotels in 30 provinces and municipalities of China for the period of 2011–2015. The influences of revenue diversification across room, food & beverage, and other services and incoming tourists on technical efficiency, labor, and capital productivities are addressed. Hotels in Zhejiang, Shanghai and Tianjin are found to be the most efficient. For the efficiency and productivities determinants, per capita GDP of the hosting province is the primary determinant, hotel ranking and diversification in revenue sources contribute to efficiency and partial productivities, while tourists from different origins bring about diversified impacts. Hotels located in regions with more Taiwan tourists are more efficient with higher capital productivity. Tourists from Hong Kong, Macau, and foreign countries have brought about both positive and negative linkages to efficiency and partial productivities. In general, hotels can reallocate their resources to diversify their services for better efficiency and productivities. In contrast, expanding external markets cannot guarantee higher efficiency and better productivities. Hotel management should be careful in formulating their marketing strategies.

Key words: Technical efficiency; Labor productivity; Capital productivity; Star-rated hotels in China; Revenue diversification; Incoming tourists

The Downton Abbey Effect in Film-Induced Tourism: An Empirical Examination of TV Drama-Induced Tourism Motivation at Heritage Attractions – 497
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3727/108354219X15652651367505

Xuerui Liu* and Stephen Pratt†

School of Hotel & Tourism Management, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
†School of Tourism & Hospitality Management, The University of the South Pacific, Suva, Fiji

This article explores the influence of a television drama on tourist motivation and behavior at a heritage attraction, Highclere Castle in the UK, the setting of the television series, Downton Abbey. The series raises awareness of the attraction and stimulates motivation for traveling. The article identifies specific motivational factors: Prestige, Personalization, Fantasy, and Novelty. Using PLS-SEM, it shows that audience involvement significantly impacts Prestige, Personalization, and Fantasy but impacts Novelty motivation to a lesser extent. The Personalization travel motivation impacts experience outcomes, such as perception of value and satisfaction. Implications for marketing and management practices of heritage attractions are outlined.

Key words: Television drama-induced tourism; Heritage attraction; Tourism motivation; Tourist behavior

An Empirical Analysis of the Impact of Foreign Direct Investment on Tourism Development: The Mauritian Case – 517
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3727/108354219X15652651367514

Boopen Seetanah and Sheereen Fauzel

Department of Finance and Accounting, University of Mauritius, Reduit, Mauritius

This article investigates the link between foreign direct investment (FDI) and tourism development for the case of the small island economy of Mauritius for the period 1980–2015. The research employs a dynamic time series econometrics framework, namely a vector error correction model (VECM), to account for potential dynamic and endogenous relationship in the FDI–tourism nexus. Analysis of the finding shows that FDI has a positive and significant effect, albeit relatively lower compared to the other classical factors of tourism development, in the long run. Interestingly, a bicausal effect is observed in the long run while an indirect link between FDI and tourism development via the economic growth channel is found.

Key words: Foreign direct investment (FDI); Tourism development; Vector autoregressive (VAR)/vector error correction model (VECM)

RESEARCH NOTES

Exploring the Service Quality of Airbnb – 531
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3727/108354219X15652651367424

Sunny Sun,* Jerry Zheng,† Markus Schuckert,‡ and Rob Law‡

*College of Asia Pacific Studies, Ritsumeikan Asia Pacific University, Jumonjibaru, Beppu, Oita, Japan
†Business School, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk, Lancashire, UK
‡School of Hotel & Tourism Management, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR

Airbnb has become a strong competitor for hotels when it comes to accommodation choices. However, few studies have analyzed the service quality provided by Airbnb. In order to approach this gap and to support the industry to maintain competitiveness, this study identified related dimensions measuring the service quality based on a qualitative design, conducting a content analysis of Airbnb-related reviews. The following six dimensions are identified and discussed: Accuracy, Cleanliness, Rooms and Facilities, Location, Personalized Service, and Value. Findings indicate that competitive advantage can be maintained by improving target group-related service quality, the accuracy and relevance of information provided, flexible check-in and check-out slots and services, as well as the organization of tours and events for guests.

Key words: Competitive advantage; Hotels; Service quality; Sharing economy; Airbnb

Effect of Hotel Green Service Encounters: Evidence From India – 535
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3727/108354219X15652651367433

Abhishek Mishra* and Ansh Gupta†

*Marketing, Indian Institute of Management, Indore, M.P., India
†CEO and Founder, Bogatchi Chocolates, New Delhi, India

Green marketing is an important research area in the marketing literature, with researchers exploring how businesses can balance customer satisfaction, through outstanding services, with minimal environmental impact. Yet the independent impact of specific green elements of hotel services on the consumer–hotel brand relationship remains largely unexplored in the hospitality and tourism literature. Based on a review of relevant literature corroborated with qualitative in-depth interviews, followed by empirical validation, a framework is proposed for brand loyalty towards green hotel services, measured by attribute-based green service encounters and shaped through positive experiences.

Key words: Green service encounters; Experiential value; Green brand loyalty; Green hotel

Outbound Tourism and Determinants: Evidence From China – 543
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3727/108354219X15652651367433

Chinedu Increase Onwachukwu

Department of Economics and Finance, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong

This study examines the determinants of outbound tourism from China to 73 destinations, while focusing on the impact of direct flights, cultural heritage, and the conditional effect of geographical distance. Panel data covering the period from 2000 to 2014 are used to estimate the working model. The results reveal that the impact of distance conditional on the development status of destinations is positive. Direct flight is positive and significant, demonstrating that an increase in the number of cities accessible with direct flights will increase outbound tourism. Cultural heritage is positive but not significant because most destinations recorded zero heritage centers. These results point to need for African countries to strive towards becoming developed, and for destinations to ensure the availability of direct flights from their respective countries to China.

Key words: Determinants; Outbound tourism; Geographical distance; Direct flights; Cultural heritage

REVIEW SECTION – 549

REVIEW

Flâneur or Choraster: A Review of the Travel Narrator in the Formation of the Tourist Experience – 551
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3727/108354219X15652651367415

Stephen Wearing,*† Stephen Schweinsberg,† and Patricia Johnson*

*Newcastle Business School, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
†UTS Business School, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia

Media representations of destinations play a powerful role in tourism appeal. The narrator assumes a role infused with knowledge and power, employing discourse to describe and interpret places and people to entice armchair audiences to not only travel vicariously alongside them, but to follow in their footsteps. This review article uses the English actor and writer Michael Palin to examine this phenomenon through the lens of the flâneur and choraster. Palin’s travels have traditionally been viewed based on their ability to create space from the perspective of a representational voice of authority. In the present article, we wish to ask whether the power of the travel narrator for tourism is perhaps better expressed in their ability to develop a counter (or chora discourse), one where we are able to see space as locally contested. Palin’s narrator expresses appreciation of his reliance on the people (chora) that inhabit the spaces he visits. His narrations of travel evidence how the flâneur perspective is influenced (and/or disrupted) by a chora in two ways—that which influences the perspective before travel and directs the gaze, and those that occupy and inscribe meaning on the spaces that are traveled to, that influences and/or forms experience.

Key words: Choraster; Flâneur; Narrator; Counterdiscourse; Chora; Travel media; Michael Palin

BOOK REVIEWS

Sport Tourism Development (3rd Edition) (Tom Hinch and James Higham) – 563
Mona Mirehie

Tourism Marketing for Small Businesses (Steven Pike) – 567
Kamal Rahmani

Volume 24 Subject and Author Index – 569

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EBSCO DISCOVERY SERVICE-EDS
EMERGING SOURCES CITATION INDEX
GOOGLE ANALYTICS
OCLC
PRIMO CENTRAL
PROQUEST
SCOPUS
THOMSON REUTERS WEB OF SCIENCE
VICTORIA UNIVERSITY
WHATT-SOUTHERN CROSS UNIVERSITY
WORLDCAT DISCOVERY SERVICES

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