Tourism Analysis : An Interdisciplinary Tourism & Hospitality Journal
Editors: Professor Fang Meng and Associate Professor Bing Pan
Volume 27, 2022
ISSN: 1083-5423; E-ISSN: 1943-3999
Softbound
4 numbers per volume
CiteScore 2021: 2.7
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Aims & Scope
The aim of Tourism Analysis is to promote a forum for practitioners and academicians in the fields of Leisure, Recreation, Tourism, and Hospitality (LRTH). As a interdisciplinary journal, it is an appropriate outlet for articles, research notes, and computer software packages designed to be of interest, concern, and of applied value to its audience of professionals, scholars, and students of LRTH programs the world over. The scope of the articles will include behavioral models (quantitative-qualitative), decision-making techniques and procedures, estimation models, demand-supply analysis, monitoring systems, expert systems and performance evaluation, assessment of site and destination attractiveness, new analytical tools, research methods and related areas such as validity and reliability, scale development, development of data collection instruments, methodological issues in cross-national and cross-cultural studies, and computer technology and use.
EDITORS-IN-CHIEF
Fang Meng
Professor, School of Hotel, Restaurant and Tourism Management
College of Hospitality, Retail and Sport Management
University of South Carolina
Columbia, SC 29208
Bing Pan
Associate Professor, Department of Recreation, Park, and Tourism Management
School of Health and Human Development
Penn State University
704M Ford Building
University Park, PA 16802
REGIONAL ASSOCIATE EDITORS
Faruk Balli, Massey University, New Zealand
Dan Wang, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
Neelu Seetaram, Leeds Beckett University, UK
REVIEWS EDITOR
Keith Hollinshead, Independent Scholar, England and Australia, Warwickshire, UK
BOOK REVIEWS EDITOR
Marcjanna M. Augustyn, Bournemouth University, Bournemouth, UK
RESEARCH NOTES EDITOR
Rich Harrill, International Tourism Research Institute, China Tourism Group, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
EDITORIAL BOARD
Kathleen L. Andereck, Arizona State University, USA
Albert Assaf, University of Massachusetts, USA
Guy Assaker, Lebanese American University, Lebanon
Marcjanna Augustyn, Bournemouth University Business School, UK
Ernest Azzopardi, University of Malta, Malta
Mark A. Bonn, Florida State University, USA
Ilenia Bregoli, University of Lincoln, UK
Juan Antonio Campos-Soria, University of Malaga, Spain
Laurence Chalip, University of Illinois, USA
Annie Chen, University of West London, UK
Mingming Cheng, University of Otago, New Zealand
Hwan-Suk Chris Choi, University of Guelph, Canada
Germa Coenders, University of Girona, Spain
Nuno Crespo, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Portugal
Jonathon Day, Purdue University, USA
Giacomo Del Chiappa, University of Sassari, Italy
Jinyang Deng, West Virginia University, USA
Tarik Dogru, Boston University, USA
Yuksel Ekinci, University of Portsmouth, UK
Erdogan H. Ekiz, King Abdulaziz University, Saudi Arabia
Rachel J. C. Fu, University of Florida, USA
Matthias Fuchs, Mid Sweden University, Sweden
Martina González-Gallarza Granizo, Universitat de Valéncia, Spain
Ulrike Gretzel, University of Southern California, USA
Huimin Gu, Beijing International Studies University, China
Ulrich Gunter, MODUL University Vienna, Austria
Rob Hallak, University of South Australia, Australia
Tzung-Cheng Huan, National Chiayi University, Taiwan
Tazim Jamal, Texas A&M University, USA
SooCheong (Shawn) Jang, Purdue University, USA
Pandora Kay, Deakin University, Australia
Ksenia Kirillova, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
Jennifer Laing, La Trobe University, Australia
Timothy Jeonglyeol Lee, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macao & Griffith University, Australia
Jun (Justin) Li, South China Normal University, China
Vincent Magnini, Virginia Tech, USA
Bruce Marti, University of Rhode Island, USA
Xavier Matteucci, MODUL University Vienna, Austria
Yeganeh Morakabati, Bournemouth University, UK
Ana María Munar, Copenhagen Business School, Denmark
Jaume Rosselló Nadal, Universitat de Illes Balears, Spain
Sarah Nicholls, Michigan State University, USA
Harmen Oppewal, Monash University, Australia
Ahmet Bulent Ozturk, University of Central Florida, USA
Steven Pike, Queensland University of Technology, Australia
Yaniv Poria, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Israel
Juan Ignacio Pulido-Fernández, University of Jaén, Spain
Haywantee Rumi Ramkissoon, Curtin University, Australia
Wiston Adrián Risso, University of the Republic, Uruguay
José António C. Santos, Universidade do Algarve, Portugal
Shrabani Saha, University of Lincoln, UK
Zvi Schwartz, University of Delaware, USA
Ercan Sirakaya-Türk, University of South Carolina, USA
M. Joseph Sirgy, Virginia Tech, USA
Vincent Wing Sun Tung, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
Anja Tuohino, University of Eastern Finland, Finland
Shui-Ki Wan, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong
Kyle M. Woosnam, University of Georgia, USA
Hung Che Wu, Sun Yat-sen University, China
Anita Zehrer, MCI Management Center Innsbruck, Austria
EDITORIAL ADVISORY BOARD
Seyhmus Baloglu, University of Nevada, USA
John C. Crotts, College of Charleston, USA
Geoffrey I. Crouch (former co-editor), La Trobe University, Australia
Larry Dwyer, Griffith University, Australia
Daniel Fesenmaier (co-founding editor), University of Florida, USA
Josef Mazanec, MODUL University Vienna, Austria
Stephen L. J. Smith, University of Waterloo, Canada
Harry Timmermans, Eindhoven University of Technology, Netherlands
Muzaffer Uysal (co-founding editor), University of Massachusetts, USA
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The Introduction section should include the specified research gap(s) in the literature, the study’s exact research objectives, the importance/significance of the study, originality, and theoretical contributions (preferably within the first few paragraphs or first two pages). The paper should make original, value-added contributions to the theory and practice of tourism management and policy.
The Literature Review section should include both seminal and updated literature. Previous literature should not only be summarized but also critically synthesized, and research gaps should be discussed clearly. The hypotheses should be proposed in a logically way out of the literature.
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Text citations: (Gladney, 2004) or (Boes et al., 2015; Clabaugh, 2018; McKercher et al., 2015) or (Crompton, 1979, p. 411) (for quoted material). Note that names are to be alphabetical within the parenthetical, NOT by date order.
Journal article: McKercher, B., Shoval, N., Park, E., & Kahani, A. (2015). The [limited] impact of weather on tourist behavior in an urban destination. Journal of Travel Research, 54(4), 442–455.
Book: Gladney, D. C. (2004). Dislocating China: Muslims, minorities, and other subaltern subjects. University of Chicago Press.
Book chapter in edited book: Boes, K., Buhalis, D., & Inversini, A. (2015). Conceptualising smart tourism destination dimensions In I. Tussyadiah & A. Inversini (Eds.), Information and communication technologies in tourism 2015 (pp. 391–403). Springer.
Internet source: Clabaugh, J. (2018). Another record year for DC tourism: 22.8 million visitors. https://wtop.com/business-finance/2018/08/another-record-year-for-dc-tourism-22-8m-visitors/
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Disclaimer: Although every effort is made by the publisher and editorial board to see that no inaccurate or misleading data, opinion, or statement appears in this Journal, they wish to make it clear that the data and opinions appearing in the articles and advertisements herein are the sole responsibility of the contributor or advertiser concerned. Accordingly, the publisher, the editorial board, editors, and their respective employees, officers, and agents accept no responsibility or liability whatsoever for the consequences of any such inaccurate or misleading data, opinion, or statement.
Tourism Analysis (TA) Peer Review Policy
Tourism Analysis (TA) employs a double blind review process.
Submitted manuscripts are reviewed by the editorial office for format, content requirements, and authors contact information. The editor-in-chief (EIC) then reviews the manuscript for its methodology, grammar, and language use and decides whether it deserves to move to the next level. If the manuscript is found to not meet minimum quality standards the EIC will desk-reject the manuscript.
If the manuscript is written following TA guidelines and meets minimum standards, the EIC invites four to five reviewers from a mixture of the review board members, past reviewers within the database, or new recruits depending upon the need of the expertise area. Typically, the reviewers are given four to nine weeks to review the manuscript and provide feedback.
The EIC needs at least two reports by the reviewers to make a preliminary judgement regarding the manuscript: accept, revise per review comments and resubmit, or reject. Manuscripts can go through several rounds of review based on needed revisions and report of the reviewers. The EIC can ask for additional work (e.g., language, cross-referencing of citations, adjustments to tables and figures) to be done before final acceptance.
If a manuscript is deemed to be a significant work but has not met the requirements to be published as a full article, the EIC can ask the authors to resubmit their work as a Research Note after revisions have been made per reviewer comments. The same reviewers may be recruited again to review the research note on a more lenient basis.
Invited manuscripts do not go through a rigorous peer review process but one or two reviewers are still recruited to help the submitting author make needed adjustments to enhance the manuscript.
As a reviewer for Tourism Analysis you can take advantage of the following incentive:
If you review three papers for one of the Cognizant journals (Tourism Review International, Tourism Analysis, Event Management, Tourism Culture and Communication, Tourism in Marine Environments, and Gastronomy and Tourism) within a one-year period, you will qualify for a free OPEN ACCESS article in one of the above journals.
If you are interested in becoming a reviewer for TA, please contact the Editor in Chief: Ercan Sirakaya-Türk, Professor, College of Hospitality, Retail and Sport Management, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA – Email: ercan@hrsm.sc.edu
ETHICS STATEMENT
The publishers and editorial board of Tourism Analysis have adopted the publication ethics and malpractice statements of the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) https://publicationethics.org/core-practices. These guidelines highlight what is expected of authors and what they can expect from the reviewers and editorial board in return. They also provide details of how problems will be handled. Briefly:
Tourism Analysis is governed by an international editorial board consisting of experts in Leisure, Recreation, Tourism, and Hospitality (LRTH), and related fields. Information regarding the editorial board members is listed on the inside front cover of the printed copy of the journal in addition to the homepage for the journal at: https://www.cognizantcommunication.com/journal-titles/tourism-analysis under the “Editorial Board” tab.
This editorial board conducts most of the manuscript reviews and plays a large role in setting the standards for research and publication in the field. The Editor-in-Chief receives and processes all manuscripts and from time to time will modify the editorial board to ensure a continuous improvement in quality.
The reviewers uphold a peer review process without favoritism or prejudice to gender, sexual orientation, religious/political beliefs, nationality, or geographical origin. Each submission is given equal consideration for acceptance based only on the manuscript’s importance, originality, academic integrity, and clarity and whether it is suitable for the journal in accordance with the Aims and Scope of the journal. They must not have a conflict of interest with the author(s) or work described. The anonymity of the reviewers must be maintained.
All manuscripts are sent out for blind review and the editor/editorial board will maintain the confidentiality of author(s) and their submitted research and supporting documentation, figures, and tables and all aspects pertaining to each submission.
Reviewers are expected to not possess any conflicts of interest with the authors. They should review the manuscript objectively and provide recommendations for improvements where necessary. Any unpublished information read by a reviewer should be treated as confidential.
Authors
Manuscripts must contain original material and must not have been published previously. Material accepted for publication may not be published elsewhere without the consent of the publisher. All rights and permissions must be obtained by the contributor(s) and should be sent upon acceptance of manuscripts for publication.
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Authors listed on a manuscript must have made a significant contribution to the study and/or writing of the manuscript. During revisions, authors cannot be removed without their permission and that of all other authors. All authors must also agree to the addition of new authors. It is the responsibility of the corresponding author to ensure that this occurs.
Financial support and conflicts of interest for all authors must be declared.
The reported research must be novel and authentic and the author(s) should confirm that the same data has not been and is not going to be submitted to another journal (unless already rejected). Plagiarism of the text/data will not be tolerated and could result in retraction of an accepted article.
When humans, animals, or tissue derived from them have been used, then mention of the appropriate ethical approval must be included in the manuscript.
Publisher
The publishers agree to ensure, to the best of their abilities, that the information they publish is genuine and ethically sound. If publishing ethics issues come to light, not limited to accusations of fraudulent data or plagiarism, during or after the publication process, they will be investigated by the editorial board including contact with the authors’ institutions if necessary, so that a decision on the appropriate corrections, clarifications, or retractions can be made. The publishers agree to publish this as necessary so as to maintain the integrity of the academic record.
Access Current Articles (Volume 27, Number 2)
Table of Contents:
Volume 27, Number 2
A Network Model of Happiness at Destinations – 133
https://doi.org/10.3727/108354221X16187814403100
Arthur Huang
Department of Tourism, Events, and Attractions, Rosen College of Hospitality Management, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
Understanding the antecedents and consequences of happiness at destinations is critical for building livable and sustainable communities for residents and tourists. Big data and social signals provide new opportunities to unpack the driving forces of happiness. For this study, geotagged social media data, physical environment data, and economic data are utilized to shed light on how neighborhood factors shape happiness. An interdisciplinary approach is adopted to integrate natural language processing, spatial analysis, network science, and statistical modeling. The results indicate that (1) crimes are negatively associated with neighborhood happiness; (2) visitors’ check-in activity mediates the relationship between places of interest and neighborhood happiness; (3) happy neighborhoods with similar happiness levels share higher numbers of common happy visitors, which implies that happy neighborhoods share attributes that attract happy visitors. This research contributes to theories regarding how neighborhood attributes may shape happiness, and demonstrates how big data can be used to characterize human–environment relationships for happiness-related research. Planners and tourism stakeholders can improve neighborhood happiness by engaging with residents and tourists to evaluate the current physical conditions of neighborhoods and develop context-sensitive plans and projects.
Key words: Happiness; Tourism; Destination; Network; Social media; Sentiment analysis
Gladiis et Clypeis: Travel Motives Towards an Improvement of Quality of Life When Visiting a Military Expo – 149
https://doi.org/10.3727/108354221X16187814403065
Dewald Venter,* Stefan Kruger,† and Muzzo Uysal‡
*Human Sciences, Vaal University of Technology, Vanderbijlpark, South Africa
†WorkWell Research Unit, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
‡Isenberg School of Management, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA
The African Aerospace and Defence military expo is held biannually in South Africa and is classified as the biggest military expo (event) on the African continent. This study sought to determine the effects that travel motives and life domains have on visitors’ quality of life. The study followed a convenience sampling technique, with fieldworkers administrating the measuring battery to visitors at the African Aerospace and Defence military expo. Data were gathered from 293 visitors regarding their travel motives, life domains, life domains overall, and quality of life. A structural equation modeling analysis indicated a positive linear relationship between the visitors’ travel motives, life domains (social life, leisure life, and self-life), life domains overall, and quality of life; all of which attained good composite reliabilities. The findings indicate that travel motives have an influence on visitors’ life domains, positive and negative, relevant to their perceived importance. Overall, a visit to this military expo had a positive effect on visitors’ quality of life. Managerial recommendations include maximizing the uniqueness and novelty of the event, which cannot be done generically. Digital marketing should be aimed at certain lifestyle aspects that are most appealing to visitors, such as social, leisure, or military life. The approach would likely appeal to the higher order needs of potential visitors, which could contribute to their overall life satisfaction. This research contributes to the literature and methodology in tourism, positive psychology, and quality of life.
Key words: Military expo; Travel motives; Life domains; Quality of life
Overtourism: Residents’ Perceived Impacts of Tourism Saturation – 161
https://doi.org/10.3727/108354221X16187814403074
Cristiane Berselli,* Lucimari Acosta Pereira,† Tercio Pereira,† and Pablo Flores Limberger†
*Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
†University of Vale do Itajai, Itajai, Brazil
Tourism is a dynamic industry due to changes in the consumer market, and its constant development impacts the host community. Although the adverse outcomes of tourism are not a new phenomenon, new dynamics make this issue of ongoing importance. Governments see the activity primarily as fostering economic development in developing countries with little concern about possible overtourism. This article aims to identify which indicators influence residents’ perceptions of tourist saturation as an indication of overtourism. These perceptions are examined as a multidimensional construct, comprised of several indicators, namely environmental, cultural, behavioral, public services, benefits, and economic costs. The proposed model is assessed with a sample of 477 residents in coastal destinations of Santa Catarina, Brazil. The results show that the perception of excessive numbers of tourists is increased by environmental indicators, economic costs, and behavioral indicators. These indicators contribute to a greater perception of overtourism. In contrast, the indicators of economic benefits and public services show a negative relationship with the perception of overtourism. This research indicates that when the population realizes the economic benefits and has access to quality public services, the perception of overtourism is lower. The findings contribute to the literature on overtourism in certain destinations.
Key words: Tourism saturation; Overtourism; Residents’ perceptions
Moderation Effects of Political Instability and Tourism on Economic Growth – 173
https://doi.org/10.3727/108354221X16187814403092
Shrabani Saha,* Ghialy Yap,† and Yong Rae Kim‡
*Lincoln International Business School, University of Lincoln, Brayford Pool, Lincoln, UK
†School of Business and Law, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
‡IDER University, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
This study examines the impacts of inbound tourism on economic growth by using panel system generalized methods of moments techniques for over 100 countries during the period 1995–2016. Using political instability as a moderator variable, the evidence shows that inbound tourism alone can lead to economic growth along with an increase in the standard control variables such as capital formation, education, and R&D expenditure. Nevertheless, a significant adverse effect on economic growth is revealed in the presence of medium to high political instability. The marginal impact of inbound tourism on economic growth with a high level of political instability is more detrimental in low-income countries than in their counterparts. Developing countries, which are heavily reliant on tourism, suffer more severe damages to economic growth when there is increasing political instability. Therefore, the analysis concludes that political stability is one of the key players in sustainable tourism development and economic growth.
Key words: Sustainable tourism; Political instability; Economic growth; Tourism development
Tourism and Exports: The Case of Singapore – 187
https://doi.org/10.3727/108354221X16276947414878
Nicholas Tsounis,*† George M. Agiomirgianakis,†‡ Dimitrios Serenis,§ and Antonios Adamopoulos†¶
*Applied Economics Laboratory, Department of Economics, University of Western Macedonia, Greece
†Economic Analysis and Policy Lab, Hellenic Open University, Greece
‡Department of Accounting and Finance, Hellenic Mediterranean University, Greece
§School of Economics, Finance and Accounting, Coventry University, Coventry, UK
¶Department of Management and Business Administration, University of Western Macedonia, Greece
In this article, we examine the relationship between inbound tourism and exports in Singapore. We address whether there is a long-run relationship between exports and tourism and the direction of causality between these two variables. Our findings suggest a long-run relation between Singapore’s exports and inbound tourism and that the causation is bidirectional. This implies that inbound tourism in Singapore results in a higher demand for its domestic products. This increased demand for Singaporean products, in turn, acting as a positive advertising campaign in favor of Singapore, promotes inbound tourism to this country. The policy implication of these findings is twofold. First, inbound tourism in Singapore not only contributes directly to GDP, employment, and the current account via tourism revenues but also by stimulating exports it improves further the current account of Singapore. Secondly, the stimulation of exports induced by inbound tourism creates favorable sustainability conditions for the entire tourism sector. However, one should be cautious that this effect is taking more than 9 months to materialize and that inbound tourism may initially have a negative impact effect on Singapore’s exports as the overtime effect of tourism on exports exhibits a J-curve behavior.
Key words: Tourism; Trade; Cointegration; Causality; J-curve; Singapore
The Determinants of Outbound Tourism: A Revisit of Socioeconomic and Environmental Conditions – 199
http://doi.org/10.3727/108354222X16449628077739
Canh Phuc Nguyen,* Christophe Schinckus,† and Thanh Dinh Su*
*School of Public Finance, University of Economics Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
†School of Business, University of the Fraser Valley, Canada
This article investigates the drivers of outbound tourism. The originality of our approach is that it integrates socioenvironmental aspects in the demand for international tourism. This study provides an empirical analysis for panel data of 82 economies from 2002 to 2016. Several estimates for panel data are applied. The results are robust and consistent. Beyond the classical economic drivers of tourism, socioeconomic factors, including urbanization, unemployment, vulnerable employment, and particularly aging population, are shown to play an important role in international tourism departures and international tourism expenditure. One of the notable findings is that environmental factors, including CO2 emissions (positive) and forest area (negative), have a significant effect on international tourism. The results also show a stronger influence of economic, social, and environmental determinants of outbound tourism in higher income economies in the period after 2008.
Key words: Outbound tourism; Determinants; Social conditions; Economic conditions; Environmental conditions
How Did the Battlefield at Gallipoli Become a Tourist Site? Epic Tourism – 219
https://doi.org/10.3727/108354222X16449628077720
Fevzi Okumus,* Zeliha Eser,† and Mehmet Ali Köseoglu‡
*Rosen College of Hospitality Management, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
†Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, Baskent University, Ankara, Turkey
‡College of Management, Metropolitan State University, St. Paul, MN, USA
“Thanatourism” refers to the management and organization of activities by people who visit death sites. This concept, however, does not sufficiently explain the management and organization of activities for people who want to see and feel the history of victories and epics won by their ancestors to secure the future for coming generations. This study introduces a new approach that includes people motivated to visit death sites for epic-focused tourism by analyzing the hundreds of thousands of Turks who visit Gallipoli every year.
Key words: Thanatourism; Gallipoli; Epic tourism; Turkey
RESEARCH NOTES
Tourism Productivity Indicators in a Multiactivity Framework – 233
https://doi.org/10.3727/108354221X16186396395746
Barnabe Walheer* and Linjia Zhang†
*HEC Management School, Liege University, Liege, Belgium
†International Business School Suzhou, Xi’an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
Measuring productivity has been a hot topic in tourism research recently. This research note suggests a tailored productivity indicator capable of dealing with two important features of the tourism suppliers. First, it takes the economic objective of the tourism entities into account, which better reflects the targets of tourism entities. Second, the indicator provides a suitable tool for evaluating performance of tourism suppliers under multiple activity scenarios, which better matches the characteristics of tourism services. The empirical illustration to the Chinese star-rated hotel industry highlights the advantages of the suggested indicator for the tourism industry. In particular, we find that Chinese hotels present better performances over time, but not for every activity. This indicator can also be applied to other tourism-related industries.
Key words: Productivity; Tourism; Multiactivity; Luenberger–Hicks–Moorsteen indicator
Determining Terrorism Proxies for the Relationship With Tourism Demand: A Global View – 237
https://doi.org/10.3727/108354221X16186299762089
Efstathios Polyzos,* Georgia Papadopoulou,† and Anestis Fotiadis*
*College of Business, Zayed University, Abu Dhabi – Khalifa City, UAE
†College of Business, Al Ghurair University, Dubai Academic City, Dubai, UAE
This study examines the determinants of the relationship between terrorism and tourism, by testing different proxies to assess both the frequency and the severity of terrorist activity. The methodological approach includes implementing principal component analysis into four different sets of possible proxies for terrorism in order to examine their relationship with international tourism arrivals over the period 1998–2018. The dataset includes world tourist flows and terrorist incidents anywhere in the world in order to avoid regional effects. The empirical results show that all candidate proxies exhibit a long-run, negative relationship with tourism, while there is also an impact of tourism on terrorism, with conflicting directions between the short run and the long run. The findings suggest that increased terrorist activity may cause destination substitution in the short run but will have adverse effects in the long run. In addition, authorities should be prepared for a rise in terrorist incidents during periods with increased tourist flows. Finally, research on terrorism should take into account the qualitative characteristics of terrorist activities.
Key words: Tourism; Terrorism; Tourist arrivals; Principal component analysis; Vector autoregressive model
The Role of Affect in Travel Risk Research – 249
https://doi.org/10.3727/108354220X15959441493056
I-Chieh Michelle Yang
Graduate School of Management, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
The tourism industry is increasingly confronted with an assemblage of events that may threaten the safety and well-being of tourists, as well as the survival of the industry. This conceptual article proposes a new research direction in travel risk research by understanding the role of affect in influencing how tourists perceive travel risk. Despite the phenomenal growth of the tourism industry and the academic interests in tourism-related studies, research related to travel risk perception remains stagnant, focusing predominantly on the identification of risk typologies, risk-reduction strategies, and the impact of varying risk sources on risk perception—viewing travel risk perception or assessment as a cognitive psychological process. Drawing on empirical evidence from risk scholarship, this article proposes to depart from the cognitive emphasis in present scholarship to also explore the role of affect in the study of travel risk perception. An extensive literature review of the existing risk theories and empirical evidence, as well as a proposal of possible directions for future research are presented. A new conceptual model is also developed to demonstrate how affect may be incorporated in future studies of travel risk perception.
Key words: Travel risk; Risk perception; Affect; Risk assessment; Tourism psychology
Tourist Arrivals and Shadow Economy: Wavelet-Based Evidence From Thailand – 255
https://doi.org/10.3727/108354221X16186396395764
Avik Sinha,* Tuhin Sengupta,*† and Atul Mehta‡
*Centre for Excellence in Sustainable Development, Goa Institute of Management, India
†Department of Information Technology and Operations Management, Goa Institute of Management, India
‡Department of Economics and Public Policy, Indian Institute of Management Shillong, India
It has been seen in literature that shadow economic activities is a determinant of tourism. In the background of poor enforcement of law and incidence of corruption, it has been hypothesized that tourism development might be a determinant of shadow economic activities. In this study, we analyze how tourist arrivals and development of shadow economy are associated in Thailand, following a frequency-domain causality analysis framework. Through wavelet coherence, it has been found that there exists comovement between tourist arrivals and development of shadow economy in the short run, while the long-run coherence can be seen during the posttsunami period. By employing wavelet-based causality analysis, bidirectional causal association has also been found between tourist arrivals and development of shadow economy across different frequency levels. In order to promote sustainable tourism, the government should have a control over the black-market activities, and encourage people–public–private partnerships to enhance the informal economy.
Key words: Tourist arrivals; Shadow economy; Wavelet; Thailand
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