The Political Economy of Tourism Development in Africa

Contents

Dedication

Foreword
Dawid J. de Villiers

Acknowledgements

Chapter 1. The Nature and Scope of the Political Economy of Tourism Development in Africa
Peter U. C. Dieke

• Summary
• Introduction
• Conceptualizing the Political Economy of Tourism Development
• The Prima Facie Case: Tourism in Economic Development
• PET and its Relevance to Africa
• Plan of the Book

Chapter 2. Tourism in the African Economic Milieu: A Future of Mixed Blessings
Robert A. Poirier

• Summary
• Introduction
• Importance of Tourism
• Tourism and Development
• Conclusion

• Summary
• Introduction
• The Historical Background
• The Infrastructural Inheritance
• Images of Africa
• The Development of Global Tourism
• White Tourism and a Black Backlash
• Conclusion

• Summary
• Introduction
• The Nature of Political Geography
• Political Geography and Southern Africa
• Tourism and Political Geography in South Africa
• Conclusions

• Summary
• Introduction
• Aspects of Policy Formulation
• Tourism in the Southern Africa Region
• Tourism Policies in Southern Africa
• Conclusion

Chapter 6. Planning Sustainable Tourism in Ghana
Edward Inskeep

• Summary
• Introduction
• Planning for Sustainable Tourism Development
• Overview of Ghana
• Organization of the Tourism Program
• Applying Concepts of Sustainability in Ghana
• Tourism Policy and Plan Formulation
• Conservation and Development of Tourism Resources
• Plan Implementation and Tourism Management
• Conclusions

• Summary
• Introduction
• Planning: A Critical Appraisal
• Government Roles in Tourism Planning and Policy-Making
• The Case of Eritrea
• Tourism Policy and Advice: The 1993 Conference
• Implications for Development
• Conclusions

• Summary
• Introduction
• Background
• Development Problems
• Development Assistance
• Contribution to Development
• Development Issues
• Conclusions

• Summary
• Introduction
• Geography of Tourism
• Development of Tourism
• Development of Kenya Tourism in the East African Context
• Tourism and the Kenyan Economy
• Challenges of Kenya Tourism
• Future Prospects of Kenya Tourism
• Conclusion

• Summary
• Introduction
• Developing Tourism in Botswana
• Botswana Tourism Potential
• Conclusions

• Summary
• Introduction
• The Search for a Definition
• Ecotourism Perspectives
• Tourism in Zanzibar
• Developing Ecotourism in Zanzibar
• The Case Study: Jozani Forest Reserve
• Future Prospects of Ecotourism in Zanzibar

• Summary
• Introduction
• The Economic Context
• International Tourism in Zimbabwe
• Valuing Natural Resources
• The CAMPFIRE Program
• Conclusions

Chapter 13. Institutional Support for Tourism Development in Africa
Erik Holm-Petersen

• Summary
• Introduction
• The Situation Within Tourism
• The Tourism Product Base: Protection of Natural Resources
• Community Involvement in Tourism and Wildlife
• Trends in Institutional Support
• Future Possibilities

• Summary
• Introduction
• The Transatlantic Slave Trade
• Opportunities for Development in Tourism
• Issues of Concern
• Some Reflections
• Conclusion

• Summary
• Introduction
• International Tourism in Africa
• Benefits of Regional Tourism Cooperation
• Regional Cooperation Efforts in Africa
• The Southern Africa Development Community
• Conclusion

• Summary
• Introduction
• Southern Africa Development Cooperation
• Need for Tourism Cooperation in Southern Africa
• Tourism Policies and Institutional Framework
• An Assessment of Work Program
• Conclusion

• Summary
• Introduction
• Tourism in Africa
• Human Compulsion
• The Law of Supply and Demand
• Open Africa
• Conclusion

• Summary
• Contemporary Africa and Tourism Education and Training
• Irrelevance and Cultural Bias
• Public Sector Administration
• Hits and Misses
• Training Needs
• Level of Responsibility and Skill
• The Institutional Approach
• A Vocational Education and Training Strategy and System

• Summary
• Introduction
• Modernization and Tenure Patterns in the Sub-Saharan Space Economy
• Implications for Resource Use and Tourism
• CAMPFIRE
• Conclusions

• Summary
• Introduction
• The Problem
• Why Firms Invest Abroad
• The Potential Benefits of Foreign Tourism Investment for Africa
• Africa's Touristic Attractiveness for Foreign Investment
• Impediments to Foreign Direct Tourism Investment in Africa
• Market Entry Strategies of Foreign Tourism Investors
• Current Market Entry Strategy Trends in Africa
• Some Incentives to Increase Foreign Investment in Africa
• Discussion
• Conclusion

• Summary
• Introduction
• Rationale of the Community Concept
• Case Studies: Ghana and Zimbabwe
• The Consensus Model of Planning With Communities
• Conclusion

Chapter 22. Tourism and Africa's Long-Term Development Dynamics
Peter U. C. Dieke

• Summary
• Introduction
• Perspectives From the Chapters
• Economic Policy Challenges for Africa's Tourism Development
• Future Agenda

Bibliography

Index

List of Figures

1.1. Map of Africa
6.1. Tourism structure plan for Ghana
6.2. St. George's Castle at Elmina
6.3. Durbar of chiefs at the Pan African Festival (PANAFEST)
6.4. Village tourism accommodation in the northern savannah
7.1. Characteristics of contemporary development planning
7.2. Influences on the development process
7.3. Roles of government in planning tourism
7.4. Map of Eritrea
7.5. Krippendorf-Eshel polarities of tourism policy advice
11.1. Ecotourism model
11.2. Location of Zanzibar
11.3. Red colobus monkey
11.4. Board walk in Jozani Forest Reserve
12.1. Tourist arrivals in Zimbabwe
12.2. Tourist arrivals by origin: 1996
12.3. Tourism receipts and expenditures
12.4. Hotel occupancy in Zimbabwe
16.1. Position of RETOSA in the SACD structure
17.1. Footprint icon of Open Africa
19.1. Sub-Saharan space economy: southern variation
19.2. Sub-Saharan space economy: northern variation
21.1. Model of planning with communities

List of Tables

1.1. Tourism trends by subregions: 1995-1998
1.2. Top five destinations in Africa: 1998
1.3. Top five earners in Africa: 1998
3.1. Top ten tourism earners in Africa: 1997
3.2. Selected African countries ranked in terms of importance of holidaymaking and leisure tourism, and in terms of their tourism earnings and GNP
4.1. Centrifugal and centripetal forces
4.2. Tourism-related centrifugal and centripetal forces
8.1. Contribution of tourism to the balance of payments
8.2. Tourist arrivals and tourist receipts by country of residence
8.3. Contribution to government revenues: 1996
9.1. Hotel bed-nights occupied by country of residence: 1997
9.2. Number of visitors to parks and game reserves: 1993-1997
9.3. Kenya national and marine parks and reserves
9.4. Average expenditure of international tourists to Kenya
9.5. Direct employment in tourism in Kenya
10.1. Botswana international tourist arrivals
10.2. Botswana international tourist arrivals: projections
11.1. International tourist arrivals by nationality: 1988-97
11.2. Visitor arrivals to Jozani Forest Reserve: 1990-97
11.3. Visitor arrivals to Jozani Forest Reserve by origin: 1997
15.1. Top 20 tourism earners in Africa (1997) international tourism receipts
15.2. Tourism trends in Africa by subregions: 1994 and 1997
15.3. Tourist arrivals and receipts in selected SADC countries: 1994 and 1997
15.4. Significance of regional markets to southern Africa: Tourist arrivals by main markets
16.1. Background to southern Africa
18.1. Levels of skill and responsibility in tourism enterprises
20.1. Frequencies of U.S.-based travel intermediaries' perceptions of touristic attractiveness on profits in Africa
21.1. Villagers' perceptions following park establishment
21.2. Economic activities and other benefits derived by communities living around the park
21.3. Reaction of local communities to issues related to the creation of the park
21.4. Views on hunting within and outside the park
21.5. Effects of park on prices of some forest products